TOY SAFETY FOR INFANTS AND TODDLERS

Dr. Cheryl A. Utley

AITC Family Support Specialist

Dear Parents,

HAPPY HOLIDAYS! Is your home a safe place for your infant and/or toddler to play? The home is the second most common place of injuries among young children in the United States. Their stages of physical development make them a vulnerable group for toy-related injuries. Infants and/or toddlers may become injured while engaging in normal exploratory behaviors, lacking the judgment to avoid danger. For some infants and/or toddlers, they often experience more home injuries, in part, because they spend more time in the home environment, compared to older groups of children.

Choosing a toy that will brighten your baby's face is fun, but it's essential to keep safety, in mind, too. Whether infants and toddlers are holding a doll, playing with building blocks or even engaging in water play, here are toy safety tips to help them stay safer and have a blast.

TOY SAFETY IN THE HOME

Toys are a tool to help infants and toddlers develop, but it's parents who nurture that growth. Toys are an important part of every infant's and toddler's development. But each year, many infants and toddlers are treated in hospital emergency departments for toy-related injuries. Choking is a risk for infants and toddlers, ages 3 or younger, because they tend to put objects in their mouths. Toy manufacturers must follow guidelines and label most new toys for specific age groups. But the most important thing a parent can do — especially when it comes to infants and toddlers — is to supervise play.

TOY GUIDELINES FOR INFANTS AND TODDLERS

The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission or CPSC closely monitors and regulates toys. Any toys made in — or imported into — the United States after 1995 must follow CPSC standards. Here are some general guidelines to keep in mind when shopping for toys:

Be sure to consider your infant’s and/or toddler’s temperament, habits, and behavior whenever you buy a new toy. Even a toddler who seems advanced compared with other toddlers the same age shouldn't use toys meant for older toddlers. The age levels for toys are determined by safety factors, not intelligence or maturity.

Always read labels to make sure a toy is right for an infant’s and/or toddler’s age. Guidelines published by the CPSC and other groups can help you make good buying decisions.

Keeping Toys Safe at Home

After you've bought safe toys, it's also important to make sure infants and toddlers know how to use them. The best way to do this is by supervising infants and toddlers as they play. Infants and toddlers learn how to play safely while having fun. Parents should:

REPORTING UNSAFE TOYS

Check the CPSC website for the latest information about toy recalls or call their hotline to report a toy you think is unsafe. If you have any doubt about a toy's safety, do not allow your infant and/or toddler to play with it. If you've ever marveled at the look of concentration on the face of an infant or toddler who tries to fit a square block into a square hole or catch a ball in mid-air, you know that playtime isn't just about fun and games. It's serious business — and toys are the tools of the trade.

HOW DO INFANTS PLAY WITH TOYS?

Play in the first year of life is all about exploration. Infants and toddlers use their five senses to learn about the new world around them: Does an object feel hard or soft? Sticky or rough? What does it do if I drop it? Or put it in my mouth? Most play consists of "tasting" or mouthing an object and shaking, banging, or dropping it.

When your infant or toddler develops new motor skills, play becomes more coordinated and complex. For example:

Toddlers are becoming aware of the function of objects. They like to stack blocks, babble into a toy phone, or drink from a "big kid" cup. The concept of pretend play starts now. Your little one might tuck a baby doll into bed at night or make "choo choo" noises while pushing a toy train.

Your toddler also will begin to differentiate colors and shapes. So choose toys that are bright, colorful, and fun for little hands to hold. By age 2, most toddlers can kick a ball, scribble with a crayon, and build towers four or more blocks tall. By age 3, they can do simple puzzles and pedal a tricycle.

Expect to see a lot of repetition, as that's how infants master new skills and learn they have some control over the world around them.

SMART TOYS FOR TODDLERS

Whether they are bounced, rolled, caught, or thrown, balls encourage gross motor skills, hand–eye coordination, and dexterity.Shape-sorting toys. Pegboard puzzles, nesting cups or blocks, and buckets with holes for different shaped blocks challenge hand-eye coordination and problem-solving skills.Mechanical toys. Pop-up toys and "busy" boxes with knobs, buttons, and levers encourage fine motor skills and problem solving, and teach cause-and-effect.Role-play toys. Play kitchens, doctor's kits, and golf sets help toddlers learn how the world works by imitating the actions of you and other adults. Dolls and stuffed animals encourage pretend play (for example. a tea party for teddy bears) and aid social and emotional development by teaching toddlers how to express emotions and take care of something they love.

Your child will have a day complete with activities that promote learning through play. This method strengthens, as well as, develops your child’s inner burgeoning characteristics.

Example Preschool Daily Schedule:

6:00 am - 7:45 am Arrival / Daily Health Checks / Free Play

7:45 am - 8:00 am Clean up / Transition to classrooms / Hand washing

8:00 am - 9:00 am Breakfast / Quiet Activities / Oral Hygiene / Hand Washing

9:00 am - 9:30 am Circle Time / Flannel stories – songs – games

9:30 am - 9:45 am Music / Creative Movement – exercise / Stretch

9:45 am -11:00 am Directed learning – small group time – center (children have the opportunity to choose play in the following areas: dramatic play, art, sand & water, nature/science, writing, blocks, music, computer, books, math, and listening center)

11:00 am -11:30 am Outdoor play or indoor gross motor free play

11:30 am - 12:00 pm Lunch

12:00 pm - 3:00 pm Rest time

3:00 pm - 3:15 pm Wake up transition and hand washing

3:15 pm - 3:30 pm Snack offered

3:30 pm - 4:00 pm Outdoor play or indoor gross motor free play

4:00 pm - 5:15 pm Centers (children can once again choose from previous listed centers)

5:15 pm - 5:30 pm Clean up

5:30 pm - 6:00 pm Group time / stories / music

Example Infant / Toddler Schedule:

7:00 am - 9:00 am Arrival /Breakfast/ Free-play/ Oral Hygiene

9:00 am -12:00 pm Circle time/ Story time/ Singing/ Special Activities

12:00 pm - 3:00 pm Lunch/ Oral Hygiene/ Naptime

3:00 pm - 6:00 pm Small Snack/ Free play/ Outdoor play / Good bye!

All infants and toddlers follow their own schedule. All times are approximate. All activities are optional. The schedule is in place so teachers have the opportunity to offer different types of learning experiences for the children each day. The children are by no means required to participate in any activity. *

Example School Age Child Schedule:

3:00 pm - 3:30 pm Quiet/rest time

3:30 pm - 3:45 pm Snack Offered

3:45 pm - 4:30 pm Homework/Reading

4:30 pm - 6 pm Free choice Activities/ Outdoor Play

CAR SEAT SAFETY FOR INFANTS AND TODDLERS

Dr. Cheryl A. Utley

Allison's Infant & Toddler Center Family Support Specialist

Dear Parents,

One of the most important jobs you have as a parent is keeping your infant and toddler safe when riding in a car. Each year, thousands of young children are killed or injured in car crashes. Every day we lose 4 to 5 children in car crashes. Across the country, we find a greater than 95% misuse of car seats. But, don’t beat yourself up! What looks like just another piece of shiny, plastic baby gear is a complicated piece of safety equipment. Proper use of car seats will keep your infant and/or toddler safe. But with so many different car seats on the market, many parents find this task of selecting a car seat overwhelming. This newsletter provides information on mistakes and solutions to car seat safety for infants and/or toddlers. Winter car safety tips are also provided.

COMMON MISTAKES AND SOLUTIONS

Mistake #1: Picking the wrong seat for your infant’s and/or toddler’s age, height, or weight. A lot of parents may be thinking they can stretch an infant seat until they need a booster seat and save a little money. But while there is no link between the cost of the car seat and its effectiveness, take the time you need to make sure you have the right seat for your infant and/or toddler.

Solution(s):

Find the car seat that fits your infant’s and/or toddler’s age, weight and height. Check the manual and measure your infant’s and/or toddler’s growth periodically so you know when it’s time to move on.Follow the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines on how long to keep your infant and/or toddler rear-facing.Never buy a used car seat. There’s no way to know for sure if it has been in an accident, and, seats that have been in the family may be missing parts or expired. Car seats generally have expiration dates six years after manufacturing.

Mistake #2: Not installing your car seat correctly

Car seat safety professionals will tell you they see a lot of car seats installed incorrectly and very few done right. That means most of us are driving with car seats that could be more dangerous than not using one at all. The most common mistakes are:

1. Routing seatbelts incorrectly, 2. Not putting seatbelts in lock mode, 3. Using both the lower anchors of the LATCH system and the seatbelt, 4. Connecting the lower anchors and tethers of the LATCH system to the wrong points in the car, especially cargo hooks, 5. Forgetting to use the tether at all, and 6. Not putting enough weight on the seat as it is being installed.

Solution(s):

1. Read BOTH your car seat’s manual and your car’s manual.

2. Decide whether you will use the lower anchors OR a seat belt, and follow the directions for only that method. (The lower anchors are part of the LATCH system, which stands for lower anchors and tethers for children). Once you’ve connected the lower anchor straps, pull the belt tail tightly from the top of the car seat, not the side.

3. If you are using seatbelts, figure out if yours are self-locking (they are required to be in any car made since 1997) and, if they are not, very carefully read how to use either the metal locking clip that came with your seat or the seat belt lock-off (if there is one) built into the car seat.

4. If you are using the lower anchors, make sure you are using the proper anchors for the seat position you have chosen in the car (your car manual will tell you which ones). Many people think their vehicle has lower anchors for the center seat, but most cars don’t. Parents often mistake anchor on the side seats for ones that belong in the center. Make sure to tighten the straps once the clips are locked into place.

5. Know that installing a car seat will take a bit of brute force, so try to put as much of your weight, as possible on the seat as you install it. For rear-facing convertibles, try leaning your stomach on the back of the seat; for forward-facing, put both of your knees on the seat and then secure it. With your weight on the seat, wiggle the seat down into the cushion. Many installations are easier when done with two people.

6. When you’re done, hold the seat where the vehicle or LATCH belt is holding it and really give it a good tug. It should move no more than one inch in any direction (side to side or front to back).

7. Keep the instruction manual for the seat in the storage compartment located on the seat. Keep the car manual in your glove compartment so you can always find it.

8. Have a professional check your work, even if you’re pretty sure you did it right.

Mistake #3: Not getting professional help

There are certified technicians in your local community who are easy to find and inexpensive to consult. You can go to your local police or fire stations, as many parenting books suggest, if they are listed as checkpoints.

Solution: Find the nearest certified technician and drive your newly-installed seat to them (or bring your seat in its box and have them teach you). Even if they only tweak your installation a little—the average installation has three errors—you can walk away with piece of mind. If they do a complete overhaul on your install job, you will be so grateful they did.

Mistake #4: Fitting the harness incorrectly. Think of your infant and/or toddler’s car seat as a parachute that slows his/her fall and cushions his/her landing in a crash. The same applies to a harness, which should fit very snugly to your infant’s and/or toddler’s body. Making it snug is a much safer choice (than loose) and not uncomfortable.

Solution(s): If you're using an infant-only seat or a convertible seat in the rear-facing position, keep these tips in mind:

Use the harness slots described in the car seat's instruction manual, usually those at or below the infant’s or toddler’s shoulders. Place the harness straps over your infant’s and/or toddler’s shoulders.Buckle the harness straps and chest clip, with the chest clip even with your infant’s and/or toddler’s armpits. Make sure the straps and clip lie flat against your infant’s and/or toddler’s chest and over his or her hips with no slack. If necessary, place tightly rolled small blankets alongside your baby or rolled washcloths between the crotch strap and your baby to create a secure fit.

Mistake #5: Moving to a forward-facing car seat too soon

Resist the urge to place your infant’s and/or toddler’s car seat in the forward-facing position just so that you can see him or her in your rearview mirror. Riding rear facing is recommended until an infant or toddler reaches age 2 or the highest weight — typically at least 35 pounds (about 16 kilograms) — or height allowed by the car seat manufacturer.

Solution(s): When your infant/or toddler reaches age 2 or the rear-facing weight or height limits of the convertible seat, you can face the seat forward. When you make the switch:

Install the car seat in the back seat according to the manufacturer's instructions, using either the seat belt or Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children (LATCH) system.Use the tether strap — a strap that hooks to the top of the seat and attaches to an anchor in the vehicle — for extra stability.Adjust the harness straps so that they're at or above your infant’s and/or toddler’s shoulders and fit snugly.

Winter Car Seat Safety Tips

Winter is a tricky time for car seats. As a general rule, bulky clothing, including winter coats and snowsuits, should not be worn underneath the harness of a car seat. In a car crash, fluffy padding immediately flattens out from the force, leaving extra space under the harness. An infant and/or toddler can then slip through the straps and be thrown from the seat. Here are tips from the American Academy of Pediatrics to help you keep your infant and/or toddler safe and warm in their car seats.

Store the carrier portion of infant seats inside the house when not in use. Keeping the seat at room temperature will reduce the loss of the infant’s and/or toddler’s body heat in the car.Dress your infant and/or toddler in thin layers. Start with close-fitting layers on the bottom, like tights, leggings, and long-sleeved bodysuits. Then add pants and a warmer top, like a sweater or thermal-knit shirt. Your infant and/or toddler can wear a thin fleece jacket over the top. In very cold weather, long underwear is also a warm and safe layering option.Don't forget hats, mittens, and socks or booties. These help keep infants and toddlers warm without interfering with car seat straps. If your infant and/or toddler is a thumb sucker, consider half-gloves with open fingers or keep an extra pair or two of mittens handy — once they get wet they'll make your infant and/or toddler colder rather than warmer.Tighten the straps of the car seat harness. Even if your infant and/or toddler looks snuggly bundled up in the car seat, multiple layers may make it difficult to tighten the harness enough. If you can pinch the straps of the car seat harness, then it needs to be tightened to fit snugly against your infant’s and/or toddler’s chest.Use a coat or blanket over the straps. You can add a blanket over the top of the harness straps or put your infant’s and/or toddler’s winter coat on backwards (over the buckled harness straps) after he or she is buckled up.

Important Reminders:

Be a good role model. Make sure you always wear your seat belt. This will help your infant/toddler form a lifelong habit of buckling up.Make sure that everyone who transports your infant/toddler uses the correct car seat or seat belt on every trip, every time. Being consistent with car seat use is good parenting and is safest for your infant/toddler.

Citations

American Academy of Pediatrics. Winter car seat safety tips from the AAP. Available at, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/on-the-go/Pages/Winter-Car-Seat-Safety-Tips.aspx

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. Child passenger safety. Available at, https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/childpassengersafety/index.html

Healthy Children. (2017). Car seats: Information for families. Available at, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/on-the-go/Pages/Car-Safety-Seats-Information-for-Families.aspx

Mayo Clinic. (2017). Car seat safety: Avoid 10 common mistakes. Available at, http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/car-seat-safety/art-20043939

Office of the Illinois Secretary of State. Child passenger safety requirements. Available at, http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/drivers/childsafety.html